Biomarkers of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Tools

Abstract

Background:
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignant tumor characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and accurate prognostic evaluation are vital for improving patient outcomes.

Objective:
This review aims to explore recent developments in the study of biomarkers related to OSCC and assess their potential value in diagnosis, treatment evaluation, and prognosis.

Methods:
A comprehensive analysis of current literature was conducted, focusing on various categories of biomarkers—including genes, proteins, and non-coding RNAs—and their biological roles and clinical applications in OSCC.

Results:
Recent studies have identified multiple biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic significance. Genetic biomarkers (such as TP53, NOTCH1, and P16INK4a), protein biomarkers (including SOX family, HIF-1α, and E-cadherin), and non-coding RNAs (notably MALAT1) have demonstrated potential for early detection, therapeutic monitoring, and prognosis prediction in OSCC patients.

Conclusion:
The integration of genetic, protein, and RNA biomarkers represents a promising approach to improving early diagnosis, treatment assessment, and individualized care for OSCC. Continuous research and clinical validation are necessary to enhance their applicability in future medical practice.