The Relationship Between the Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism and Osteoporosis: A Review Article

Abstract

Background: Osteoporosis is a common bone disease marked by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk, significantly affecting aging populations. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, expressed across human tissues, is known to influence bone metabolism.

Objective: This review aims to synthesize current evidence regarding the relationship between specific VDR gene polymorphisms (FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI) and osteoporosis susceptibility, especially in relation to racial and ethnic diversity.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted focusing on studies analyzing VDR gene polymorphisms in different ethnic populations. Data were evaluated based on study design, BMD measurements, and reported SNP associations.

Results: The findings indicate that VDR gene polymorphisms are variably associated with osteoporosis across populations. While polymorphisms like ApaI and FokI show correlations in certain regions (e.g., Middle East, China, India), inconsistent results in others suggest that ethnicity, age, menopausal status, and methodology significantly affect outcomes.

Conclusion: The relationship between VDR gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis remains inconclusive due to conflicting evidence and methodological differences. Future research should emphasize large-scale, multi-ethnic studies, standardized protocols, and the integration of advanced genomic technologies to clarify gene-environment interactions.